違い、説明できますか？ 何となく使い分けているけれど明確な違いを説明できない、そんな方は結構多いと思います。難しくないので是非マスターしましょう！
大過去という考え方や、”have done”と”had done”の違いを理解していることが前提となっています。詳しくは以下のリンクをご覧ください。
“I have been doing”
“I have been doing”は現在完了進行形と呼ばれる用法です。詳しくは以下のリンクをご覧ください。
“I had been doing”
“I have been doing”は過去完了進行形と呼ばれる用法です。”I had done”の２つ目の意味である「大過去から過去にわたる期間」に似ていますが、進行形であるため、行為そのものに焦点を当てた表現となっています。
また、”I am doing”と同様に、状態動詞が”I had been doing”の形を取ることはほとんどありません。動作動詞と状態動詞について、詳しくは以下のリンクをご覧ください。
- Although she had been learning English for years, she could not write in English at will.(She was first learning English and second could not write in English at will.)
- He had been playing the online game whose service ended the other day.(He was first playing the online game and second the game ended its service.)
- The number of COVID-19 cases had been increasing until the government decided to lock down the major cities.(The number was first increasing and second the government decided lock-down.)
- The government had been planning to introduce basic income and cut back on public health care system, which met a severe criticism from the public.(The government was first planning and second a severe criticism came.)
- Frogs had been disappearing and night became silent.(Frogs were first disappearing and second night became silent.)
- Black hackers started to flex their muscles to know that more and more companies had been shifting to E-commerce.(Companies were first shifting to E-commerce and second black hackers started to be prepared for work.)
結局どう違うの？
現在に関係しているかが大きな違いです。図を見ると、”I have been doing”は現在に関与しており、焦点は過去を含んだ現在にあります。一方、”I had been doing”は現在に関与しておらず、焦点は大過去を含んだ過去にあります。